Timeline: Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX)

A decree of the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, signed by Cardinal Fernández, declared that the consecrating bishop, Alfonso de Galarreta, the co-consecrator, Bernard Fellay, and the four new bishops had incurred latae sententiae excommunication reserved to the Apostolic See, and warned clerics and lay faithful not to adhere to the schism. An accompanying explanatory note said the Society's clergy are to be considered schismatic and treated confessions heard and marriages witnessed by SSPX priests as invalid, a point disputed by some canonists and by Cardinal Gerhard Müller. The dicastery also issued a procedure for priests and faithful wishing to return to full communion.

At Écône, Bishop Alfonso de Galarreta, assisted by Bishop Bernard Fellay, consecrated Pascal Schreiber, Michael Goldade, Michel Poinsinet de Sivry and Marc Hanappier as bishops for the Society of Saint Pius X, in defiance of the Holy See's warnings. The ceremony, which the Society streamed live, came 38 years after Archbishop Lefebvre's consecrations at the same seminary. Superior general Davide Pagliarani preached the homily.

By a decree dated 21 January 2009 and announced on 24 January, Benedict XVI remitted the excommunications of the four bishops consecrated by Archbishop Lefebvre in 1988, in response to a renewed request from Bishop Bernard Fellay on their behalf. The Society nonetheless remained without canonical status.

On 19 April 2005, the second day of the conclave, the cardinal electors chose Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, 78, prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith since 1981, as the 265th pope; Religion News Service reported that he was elected on the fourth ballot. He later said he chose the name Benedict to link his pontificate to Benedict XV and to the cause of peace and reconciliation.

Two days after Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre's unlawful episcopal ordinations of 30 June, John Paul II's motu proprio stated that excommunication had been incurred, created the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei, and asked for a "wide and generous application" of the permissions for the 1962 Missal.

Archbishop Lefebvre, with Bishop Antônio de Castro Mayer, consecrated Bernard Fellay, Bernard Tissier de Mallerais, Richard Williamson and Alfonso de Galarreta as bishops at Écône without a papal mandate, despite a formal canonical warning sent on 17 June 1988 by the prefect of the Congregation for Bishops.

At Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre's request, Bishop François Charrière of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg erected the Priestly Society of Saint Pius X as a pious union in his diocese, approving its statutes on a trial basis for six years. According to the Society's published founding documents, the Congregation for the Clergy sent it a letter of praise on 18 February 1971.